3D Printing

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital STL file. It uses 3D digital models to create solid fixtures by printing layer upon layer of plastic material. 3D printing has been around since the mid 1980’s. It has only became practical in the past seven to 8 years as 3D printers have come down in price. 3D printers are good for rapid prototyping. Currently the University of Idaho has four 3D printers available for use such as the MakerBot Replicator 2, two Sindoh 3DWOXs, and the Mark 2 MarkForged.

3D Printing Machines Available
The available mechanical engineering printers are located in the Metrology Lab (Room 123) inside the Gauss Johnson Engineering Lab. The sign up process to use these machines is based on a first come first serve basis. For more information on how to use these machines find a graduate student and/or go to the IEW office (GJ 113). Listed below are a few examples of graduate students that could be contacted.

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MakerBot
The MakerBot was purchased by the University of Idaho in 2012. Some characteristics of the Makerbot include:
 * Build Volume - 11.6" x 7.6" x 6.5" (29.5cm x 19.5cm x 16.5cm)
 * Filament Material(s) - PLA

More information on this printer can be found below:
 * Part Design (MakerBot)
 * Code Generation (MakerBot)
 * Machine_Setup/Maintenance (MakerBot)
 * [MakerBot Filament]
 * [MakerBot Filament]

Sindoh 3DWOX
Sindoh Printer is 3D printer with high quality based on friendly functions and easy to use for first timer user, with internal cameras and filament insulation and other advanced features.
 * Build Volume - 8.3" x 7.9" x 7.7" (210mm x 200mm x 195mm)
 * Filament Material(s) - PLA, ABS, Flexible, PVA.

More information on this printer can be found below:
 * [[File:Sindoh_3DWOX_Information_Sheet.pdf ]]
 * Video-Hints and Tips
 * Video-Hints and Tips #2
 * SINDO FAQs

Mark 2 MarkForged
The characteristics of this printer include:


 * Easy to Use - Printing a part to be strong or flexible is intuitive using the touchscreen interface.
 * Versatile - This printer can print 12.6" x 5.2" x 6" (320mm x 132mm x 154mm) parts.
 * Filament Material(s) - Onyx (plastic)
 * High-Strength Printing - Reinforcing your parts with composite fiber while 3D printing them, this printer achieves high strength, stiffness, and durability in its printed parts.
 * Range of Materials - In addition to printing Onyx, this printer is capable of printing Carbon Fiber, Fiberglass, and Kevlar.

More information on this printer can be found at https://markforged.com/

Printing Procedures
3D modeling programs such as the Computer Aided Technology, (CAD), can be used. The most common techniques used in the 3d printing are Fused Depositional Modeling (FDM). The method requires that one nozzle head is use. The nozzle head is used to thrust out material such as plastic through layering. The printing steps and setup for most 3D printers are extremely similar. Listed below are some printing procedures that are sufficient for printers such as the MakerBot and the Sindoh 3DWOX.

Step 1: 3D File

 * In order to print in 3D, you must have 3D file. There are some ways to have 3D file:
 * 1. Design or sketch in 3D using 3D modeling or CAD software (i.g SolidWorks).
 * 2. Find a file online from websites like thingiverse.com.

Step 2: Prepare

 * Before sending the file to 3D printer, you must prepare and convert the file in 3D printer language software so it can understand it. For MakerBot and the Sindoh 3DWO save the model in STL file to print.

Step 3: Printing
Follow the steps to start printing:

Loading Your Model

 * Save your model as an "STL" file.
 * Open your 3D printer desktop icon from start menu.
 * Locate your STL file and drag it into the View Port.


 * Use the "View" tab to display various orientations or simply click and drag within the View Port to orient around your part. Rotate your part to a desired x,y,z orientation orientation by clicking either + or – 90 degress or enter values manually. Click lay flat to make sure the all the bottom part touches the glass plate. (Note: Most 3D printers print layers in a vertical fashion, thus choose your rotation such that edges do not create overhangs.)
 * Move your part to a desired location by dragging the part around in the view port or enter values manually in the x, y, z format. Click on "Platform" to ensure your part is correctly placed on the 3D printing plate (printing surface).
 * Use the "Scale" tab to scale your part if necessary. Parts you open are initially at the scale from which they were modeled (i.e. SolidWorks, or other modeling software).
 * Select the 3D printer model you wish to print from (i.e. MakerBot, Sindoh).

Recommended Settings

 * Select "Standard" resolution
 * Infill to 20%
 * Set "Number of Shells" to 3
 * Select "Raft" to help keep your part from warping. Typically for use with large parts or flat parts
 * Turn on "Supports" if your part cannot be oriented in such a way to prevent overhangs.
 * Click "Print" to begin exporting your model
 * Click "Export Now" and save to your flash drive
 * Place your flashdrive in the 3D printer and select "Print" from the file you just saved.

Material
In the former, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) is most commonly used. The Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) or the Poliactic Acid (PLA) are highly used materials. ABS is very popular plastic material for 3D printing. It has a good mechanical properties with low cost. it allows to print parts with toughness and impact resistance. PLA is also very popular material especially for beginners to 3D printing. PLA is easy to print. It can print in low temperature without heated bed requires but it is expensive material.

Pros and Cons of ABS and PLA

 * Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
 * Pros
 * Low Cost
 * Good impact and wear resistance
 * Less oozing and stringing gives models smoother finish
 * Good heat resistance
 * Cons
 * Heavy warping
 * Needs heated bed or heated chamber
 * Produces a pungent odor while printing
 * Parts tend to shrink leading to dimensional inaccuracy


 * Poliactic Acid (PLA)
 * Pros
 * Low Cost
 * Stiff and good strength
 * Good dimensional accuracy
 * Good shelf life
 * Cons
 * Low heat resistance
 * Can ooze and may need cooling fans
 * Filament can get brittle and break
 * Not suitable for outdoors (sunlight exposure)

'''For more information on materials visit the website: https://www.simplify3d.com/support/materials-guide/pla/'''

Troubleshooting
There are a variety of reasons why a part may fail. It is important to monitor the print regularly in order to catch potential failure. This section will list a few reasons why a part might fail and how the problem can be resolved.

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Extrusion Stops
Another common causes of a failed print is stuck filament. When the filament gets stuck, the extruder no longer has any material to work with, and will continue on printing nothing. It is hard to catch this before it happens without sitting and watching the entire print (which is a waste of time). If this happens, stop the print and ensure the filament is feeding in such that it will not catch on anything when you attempt the print again. This is a problem that is more common with printer models similar to the MarkerBot Replicator and less common with printers similar to the Sindoh 3DWOX which has its filament contained within a cartridge.

Clogged Nozzle
A clogged nozzle will make the printer unable to extrude more plastic. To check if the nozzle is clogged, go to the LCD menu and run the "Load script in Utilities > Change Filament". If the plastic curls up toward the extruded, the nozzle is probably clogged and needs to be unclogged.

If the nozzle is clogged, you should probably ask a mentor to help you fix the issue, but here are the steps you can take to fix the MakerBot and other printers are very similar.


 * 1) Unload filament from extruder.
 * 2) Turn off the MakerBot.
 * 3) Loosen the two bolts on the front of the extruder, unplug the motor, and pull the motor out.
 * 4) Turn on the Makerbot and heat the nozzle by running preheat or load filament script.
 * 5) When the nozzle is hot enough, take some filament and push it through the tube manually.
 * 6) When the filament begins to extrude, pull it out and cut the end off.
 * 7) Repeat ~3-4 times until the nozzle seems unclogged.
 * 8) Cancel the script that is heating the nozzle, let the nozzle cool, and shut off the MakerBot.
 * 9) Reassemble the extruder and start the MakerBot up again.
 * 10) Test. If the extruder works normally, you're done!

If this process doesn't work, wait until a mentor can come help you fix the problem.

Print Not Sticking to Build Plate
{| A print can fail if the base does not adhere properly to the base plate. There are a few things that can cause this:
 * 1) The base plate is not level. It could be possible that the base plate is not level. If the base plate isn't level your part may come out lopsided or won't stick properly. See Leveling Base Tray for instructions on how to level the base plate.
 * 2) Bubbles or Other Defects in Tape There is tape on the base plate in order to make maintaining the MakerBot easier. If there are any defects in the surface such as bubbles or significant wear, the part will have trouble sticking. See Maintaining Tape for more information.
 * 3) Complex Geometry Complex geometry on the bottom side of a part can cause issues with adhering to the base plate. Try simplifying the part geometry or adding a raft to avoid this issue.

Overheating
The plastic exists in the extruder between 180 to 240 Celsius. While the plastic is hot, it could be formed in different shapes. When it cools it becomes solid and keeps in its shape. The material needs to balance between heating and cooling, so the plastic can easily flow through the nozzle. If the temperature balance is not achieved, you notice some issues in the 3D object like the deformation of the shape.

First Layer Messy
As a foundation of the whole print, it is the most important layer of the print. Many common 3D printings could happen for poor first layer. The problems could happen when it’s printing the first layer:

1. Nozzle is too close from the printing bed

2. Nozzle is too far from the printing bed

3. Print is not stacked

Stringing or Oozing
Stringing and oozing are very common issue for 3D printing. This happens when small strings are left behind in the 3D printed object. The cause of stringing and oozing is by incorrect temperature balance. Hot temperature nozzle causes sticky runny filament. To prevent this from happening is:

1.	Increase retraction distance

2.	Increase the retraction speed

3.	Arrange prints closer

4.	Increase cooling

5.	Print single objects

More information on troubleshooting can be found at https://www.simplify3d.com/support/print-quality-troubleshooting/

Post Print Processing
For some parts, precision and smoothness is vital. Printing with higher resolution can help, but it can add a lot of print time. To achieve precision and smoothness while avoiding extra time, after the print is completed it can be machined. There are multiple techniques to increase the smoothness of our 3-d print and to increase its precision.

Smoothing Processes
There are several processes that can be done to smoothen 3D printed parts. Some of the most common techniques include sanding, bead blasting, and vapor. The type of material used should be considered when choosing a smoothing method.

Sanding
Sanding process can be used to reduce the visibility of layer lines on 3D printed parts. 3D printed parts can be sanded by hand or with belt sanders, like wood or automotive parts. Sanding is inexpensive, effective, and proven method to reach a smooth finish. It is consistently the most widely used finishing techniques for 3D printed parts. When parts must hit benchmarks for accuracy and durability, it’s important to keep in mind how much material sanding will remove. Removing too much could force adjustments in part design and wall thickness before printing. Benchmarks will also help determine which sanding technique to use — hand sanding — and which tools to employ.

Bead Blasting
Bead blasting is the process of removing surface deposits by applying fine glass beads at a high pressure without damaging the surface. It is the second most-commonly used finishing process. It includes spraying tiny beads of media at a part to remove layer lines. The process is quick and takes only 5 to 10 minutes to complete. The process leaves the products with a smooth finish. It is a flexible process and it works with most 3d printing material.

Bead blasting does have some limitations, one of them is part size. Due to its process, which takes place in an enclosed chamber, the maximum part size is 24" x 32" x 32" (inches). Also, given that parts are bead-blasted by hand, they are finished one at a time and cannot be mass finished.



Solvent Smoothing
Solvent smoothing is an alternative to sanding and bead blasting. Solvent smoothing uses a chemical agent to smooth a part’s surface. It modifies the surface by eliminating layer lines while preserving feature detail and part accuracy. The smoothing agent can be applied either as liquid or a vapor and it is quick and nearly labor-free.

Common Chemical Agent for PLA

 * Jewelry polisher (tumbler)


 * XTC-3D (coating/paint)


 * Tetrahydrofuran (similar to acetone, more toxic)


 * Dichloromethane (similar to acetone), Heat Gun/Flame

Machining Processes
Machining processes can be done to a part after it is 3D printed to increase its dimensional accuracy.

Milling
Parts made with the MakerBot can be milled in the shop to bring them within tolerance and to create smoother surfaces. Speeds for milling PLA plastic are similar to aluminum and aluminum speeds can be used. Milling provides a higher quality detail compared to a 3D printer.

Drilling
Drilling and Tapping can be done to a 3D printed part made out of certain materials. Drilling is best done to a 3D printed part with a solid fill.

To make a hole precise for sliding and press fitting, the finished part can be reamed. If a hole is intended to be reamed, it needs to be .005” smaller in diameter when designing the part. The Gcode should be set for "2" shells. Reaming should be done on the drill press so the reamer will find the hole.

Tapping
PLA can be tapped so long as the shell thickness has been set to at least "2". Tapping is done the same as for metal. Be careful when tapping hole because PLA is soft and can strip easily.

Naming Convention for STL Files
For appropriate accounting, save your STL files in the following formats below. Make sure the print operator name is included because often the people signed in are not the ones that should be charged. This information is collected monthly from the printer and sent to Molly in the engineering department (mollym@uidaho.edu). If there is confusion in charges contact her.

Class Project Example:

(Class, Student Name) "Project"

3D Printing Policy
The Mechanical Engineering Department maintains and furnishes 3D printers for sole use by faculty, staff, and students. The use of the printers shall be consistent with the purpose of the department, which includes facilitating research and learning. In accordance with these purposes, the department has developed policy and procedures for use of the printers:

1.	Administration. All projects (i.e. components) to be printed shall require permission from a faculty member. All projects must originate from U of I classroom, lab, or research. To clarify, personal projects are prohibited.

2.	Certain Uses Prohibited. Regardless of viewpoint, certain uses of the printers are prohibited and violate this Policy:

(a)	Printing any object that is unlawful, threatening, abusive, tortuous, obscene, and racially, ethnically or otherwise objectionable;

(b)	Printing any object that is intended to physically harm, or attempt to harm, an animal or person in any way. This includes any type of weapon (i.e. knives, firearms, etc.) or parts of a weapon (i.e. blades, gun triggers, etc.)

(c)	Printing any object that infringes upon a patent, trademark, trade secret, copyright or other proprietary rights of any party unless consent from the rights-owner has been obtained; The Copyright Law of the United States governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. The deparment reserves the right to deny use of printers if, in its judgement, use of the printers would violate Copyright Law.

(d)	Printing any object or any part of an object that is regulated. For example: Undetectable Firearms Act of 1998 which specifically bans plastic firearms.

3.	Usage Subject to Refusal or Revocation. The printers are provided to further the purposes of the department. In accordance with this policy, the department may refuse usage of the printers at any time. Failure to abide by this policy may result in revocation of the user’s printing privileges.

This Page was Last Updated Summer 2018 By:

 * Liam Johnson
 * Oscar Lopez

This Page was Last Updated Summer 2019 By:

 * Salim Al Tubi
 * Mohammed Subahe