Manual Lathe



A lathe is a machine tool which rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation, facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object which has rotational symmetry about an axis of rotation.

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Anatomy


There are many types of lathes, some with more components than others, but they all have...

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Headstock
The main part of the lathe is referred to as the headstock which typically includes a spindle and drive plate, high and low speed selector(s) (See: Changing Between High and Low Speeds), spindle speed selector (See: Changing speed of manual lathe) and tapping/power feed speed controls (See: Changing Tapping and Power Feed Speed). A chuck, which holds the working material, is attached to the drive plate.

Chuck
There are three main types of chucks used on a lathe. A three jaw chuck which is the most common and most often used because of its ability to clamp material quickly. Most lathes will have three jaw chucks in at least two sizes, a larger size for everyday use and a smaller high speed chuck which is capable of higher speeds. The second type of chuck is a four jaw chuck. Four jaw chucks are used for the holding of non-round material, and non-concentric turning. Unlike a three jaw chuck, all four jaws are adjusted independently, and such a dial indicator must be used when chucking material (See: Zeroing Parts in Four Jaw Chuck). The third type of chuck is a collet chuck. Collet chucks are used when greater contact area is need for holding the part, as well as having the advantages of quicker chucking when producing multiple copies of the same part. For more information on chucks, see Changing Chucks (Lathes)

PICTURE OF THE THREE TYPE OF CHUCKS

Jaws
There are two main types of jaws, the standard jaw, and the soft jaw. Standard jaws typically have a 'wide side' used for general purpose turning which provide a large clamping surface over a wide diameter range. The jaws may also be removed and reinserted backwards so that the 'stepped side' of the jaw is facing inwards.

Tailstock
The tailstock is an assembly which is capable in moving in the z direction and is typically composed of a telescoping shaft which accepts tapered collets, a lock handle to fix the position, and a handle for actuation. The tailstock is commonly used for drilling operations, as well as holding long work pieces for stabilization purposes in a live/dead center.

Carriage
The carriage is the primary means of working on a lathe and is typically comprised of the cross feed, x-feed, threading dial indicator, threading controls (See: Cutting Threads on a Manual Lathe), power feed controls (See: Using the Power Controls), a tool changer (See: Changing Lathe Tools).